Author: Stephen Caesar
Subject: Apologetics
Date: 9/15/2004
Critics frequently point to what they believe is a contradiction in the Book of Genesis. According to Gen. 26:34 and 28:9, Esau’s wives were as follows:
Judith, daughter of Beeri the Hittite (Gen. 26:34)
Bashemath, daughter of Elon the Hittite (Gen. 26:34)
Mahalath, daughter of Ishmael, sister of Nebajoth (Gen. 28:9)
However, according to Gen. 36:2-3, his wives were:
Adah, daughter of Elon the Hittite
Aholibamah, granddaughter of Zibeon the Hivite
Bashemath, daughter of Ishmael, sister of Nebajoth
The name Bashemath (correctly Basemath) probably comes from the Semitic word-stem b-s-m, meaning “fragrant” (for example, besem means “balsam” in Hebrew). When you add the Hebrew feminine ending –ath, you get Basemath, “fragrant woman.” The possibility exists that Mahalath (daughter of Ishmael and sister of Nebajoth) and Adah (daughter of Elon the Hittite) were both given the nickname “fragrant” (Douglas 1982: 124). In other words, the Bashemath, daughter of Elon, in Gen. 26:34 is the same as the Adah, daughter of Elon, in Gen. 36:2, while the Bashemath, daughter of Ishmael, in Gen. 36:3 is the same as Mahalath, daughter of Ishmael, in Gen. 28:9.
After first marrying Judith the daughter of Beeri, Esau may have married Adah the daughter of Elon and nicknamed her “Fragrant.” The possibility exists that Adah died, whereupon he married Mahalath, daughter of Ishmael, and nicknamed her “Fragrant,” in honor of his dead wife. Another possibility is that Esau divorced Adah “the Fragrant” (which was allowed by secular Near Eastern law in the Patriarchal Era), and then married Mahalath, nicknaming her “the Fragrant” to spite Adah. Thus, Esau’s various marriages can be plausibly reconstructed as follows:
First wife: Judith, daughter of Beeri the Hittite
Second wife: Adah, “the Fragrant” (Bashemath), daughter of Elon the Hittite; deceased or divorced
Third wife: Mahalath, “the Fragrant” (Bashemath), daughter of Ishmael and sister of Nebajoth
Fourth wife: Aholibamah, granddaughter of Zibeon the Hivite
There are at least two examples of a wife having a nickname different from her real name. The first example comes from the Mari texts, which were contemporary with the Patriarchal Era. Abraham Malamat of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem writes:
“Some years ago I published a study (together with P. Artzi) on the most prominent of
the Mari ladies—Shibtu, Zimri-Lim’s queen [Zimri-Lim was king of Mari in the time of
the Patriarchs]….Until quite recently it was thought that Shibtu was the daughter of
Yarim-Lim, king of Aleppo, and his chief wife, Gashera. In several documents, however,
Shibtu’s mother is named as Zizi. Either Shibtu was a princess by a secondary queen at
Aleppo, or it might be assumed that Zizi was Gashera’s nickname. Such nicknames were
not uncommon in antiquity, and even Zimri-Lim was not immune to this phenomenon,
for his family often addressed him as ‘my Star’” (Malamat 1989: 12).
Much later, the wife of Assyrian king Sennacherib (705–681 BC) bore an Aramaic name, Naqia, and an Assyrian name, Zakutu (Boardman 1991: 138; Kuhrt 1995: 527). Thus, it is entirely possible that two of Esau’s wives were known by two different names: their names given to them at birth, Adah and Mahalath, and their identical nicknames, “Fragrant.”
References:
Boardman, J, et al., eds. 1991. Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd ed., Vol. 3., Part 2: The
Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth
to the Sixth Centuries BC. (Cambridge University Press).
Douglas, J.D., organizing ed., 1982. New Bible Dictionary (Leicester, England:
Intervarsity Press).
Kuhrt, A. 1995. The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC, in 2 vols. (London: Routledge).
Malamat, A. 1989. Mari and the Early Israelite Experience. London: Oxford Univ. Press.
Stephen Caesar holds his master’s degree in anthropology/archaeology from Harvard. He is a staff
member at Associates for Biblical Research and the author of the e-book The Bible Encounters Modern
Science, available at www.authorhouse.com.